Seleksi Genetik dan Inovasi Genomik pada Ikan Nila (Oreochromis Niloticus): Kajian Sistematik Terhadap Program Pemuliaan dan Keberlanjutan Budidaya

Vera Dewiana B; Yeni Gusti Handayani; Amelia Sriwahyuni Lubis

doi:10.46576/jai.v5i1.7770

Seleksi Genetik dan Inovasi Genomik pada Ikan Nila (Oreochromis Niloticus): Kajian Sistematik Terhadap Program Pemuliaan dan Keberlanjutan Budidaya

Vera Dewiana B, Yeni Gusti Handayani, Amelia Sriwahyuni Lubis

Abstract

Kemajuan teknologi genomik telah merevolusi pendekatan penelitian dan pemuliaan ikan nila (Oreochromis niloticus), yang sebelumnya berbasis fenotip menjadi lebih terarah pada informasi genetik. Penelitian ini bertujuan menelaah perkembangan, penerapan, serta efektivitas berbagai inovasi genomik dalam pemuliaan ikan nila melalui metode Systematic Literature Review (SLR) terhadap sepuluh artikel ilmiah terbitan tahun 2015–2025. Kajian ini mengidentifikasi sejumlah teknologi utama yang digunakan, termasuk Genomic Selection (GS), Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS), RNA Sequencing (RNA-Seq), Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS), serta teknik penyuntingan gen berbasis CRISPR/Cas9. Hasil tinjauan menunjukkan bahwa penerapan seleksi genomik mampu meningkatkan akurasi nilai pemuliaan sebesar 30–34% dibandingkan metode konvensional. Pendekatan GWAS berhasil menemukan lokus penting pada kromosom 5 dan 7 yang terkait dengan laju pertumbuhan serta efisiensi pakan. Analisis RNA-Seq mengungkap lebih dari 500 gen berbeda ekspresi yang berperan dalam mekanisme adaptasi terhadap stres salinitas, sedangkan penerapan CRISPR/Cas9 terbukti efektif menghasilkan populasi jantan tanpa penggunaan hormon sintetis. Sementara itu, program pemuliaan konvensional di Kenya dan Uganda masih menunjukkan peningkatan pertumbuhan sekitar 20% per generasi, meskipun belum sepenuhnya mengintegrasikan teknologi genomik. Secara keseluruhan, penerapan teknologi genomik berpotensi besar untuk mempercepat peningkatan produktivitas ikan nila, menjaga keberlanjutan sistem budidaya, serta memperkuat pengelolaan sumber daya perairan secara efisien dan ramah lingkungan

Keywords

Keberlanjutan Akuakultur; Oreochromis niloticus; Pembiakan Selektif; Peningkatan Genetik; Seleksi Genomik

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.46576/jai.v5i1.7770